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LAN Enhancement Components Component Function
*Repeater Resides in the Physical Layer of the OSI model. Regenerates signals for retransmission. Moves packets from one physical media to another. Will pass broadcast storms. Cannot connect different network topologies or access methods.
*Bridge         Resides in the MAC sublayer of the Data Link Layer of the OSI model. Bridges are used to segment networks. They forward packets based on address of destination node. Uses RAM to build a routing table based on source addresses. Will connect dissimilar network topologies. Will forward all protocols. Regenerates the signal at the packet level.
*Remote Bridge Same as bridge, but used for telephone communications. Uses STA (Spanning Tree Algorithm).
*Router     Resides in the Network Layer of the OSI model. Is used to switch and route packets across multiple networks. Uses RAM to build a routing table based on network addresses. Shares status and routing information to other routers to provide better traffic management and bypass slow connections. Will not pass broadcast traffic. Are slower than bridges due to complex functions. Strips off Data Link Layer source and destination addresses and then recreates them for packets. Routers can accomodate multiple active paths between LAN segments.
*Brouter Will act as a router for specified protocols and as a bridge for other specified protocols.
*Gateway Resides in the Transport, Session, Presentation and Application Layers of the OSI model. Used for communications between different network types (i.e. Windows NT and IBM SNA). Takes the packet, strips off the old protocol and repackages it for the receiving network.
*Multiplexer Device that can divide transimissions into two or more channels. Multiplexing - Several signals from different sources are collected into the component and are fed into one cable for transmission.
*Spanning Tree Algortithm - was developed for bridges to determine the most efficient network in path when there are multiple paths to choose from.
 


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Recover system state data and user data by using Windows Backup.
Creating emergency repair disk (ERD)
  • Open Backup
  • On the Tools menu, click Create an Emergency Repair Disk
  • Follow the instructions that appear on your screen
  • To restore your settings from the ERD, you need your Windows 2000 CD, the Windows 2000 Setup disks, and the ERD, during the restoration process.

    Troubleshoot system restoration by using Safe Mode.

    Safe Mode Options

  • Safe Mode - Starts Windows 2000 using only basic files and drivers (mouse, except serial mice; monitor; keyboard; mass storage; base video; default system services; and no network connections).
  • Safe mode with Networking - Starts Windows 2000 using only basic files and drivers, plus network connections.
  • Safe Mode with Command Prompt - Starts Windows 2000 using only basic files and drivers. After logging on, the command prompt is displayed instead of the Windows desktop.
  • Enable Boot Logging - Starts Windows 2000 while logging all the drivers and services that were loaded (or not loaded) by the system to a file. This file is called ntbtlog.txt and it is located in the windir directory. Safe Mode, Safe Mode with Networking, and Safe Mode with Command Prompt add to the boot log a list of all the drivers and services that are loaded. The boot log is useful in determining the exact cause of system startup problems.
  • Enable VGA Mode - Starts Windows 2000 using the basic VGA driver. The basic video driver is always used when you start Windows 2000 in Safe Mode (either Safe Mode, Safe Mode with Networking, or Safe Mode with Command Prompt).
  • Last Known Good Configuration - Starts Windows 2000 using the registry information that Windows saved at the last shutdown. Use only in cases of incorrect configuration. Last known good configuration does not solve problems caused by corrupted or missing drivers or files. Also, any changes made since the last successful startup will be lost.
  • Debugging Mode - Starts Windows 2000 while sending debug information through a serial cable to another computer.
  • Recover system state data and user data by using the Recovery Console.

    Users can use the Recovery Console to repair Windows. This command-line utility can be used to copy system files, disable and enable services or drivers, repairing the Master Boot Record, etc. Only administrators have access to the Recovery Console.

    There are two ways to start the Recovery Console: If you are unable to start your computer, you can run the Recovery Console from your Windows 2000 Setup disks. Or, you can install the Recovery Console on your computer to make it available in case you are unable to restart Windows 2000. You can then choose the Windows 2000 Recovery Console option from the boot menu.

    To install Recovery Console as a startup option:

    • Log on to Windows 2000 with administrator rights.
    • Insert the Windows 2000 Professional CD into your CD-ROM drive. If you're prompted to upgrade to Windows 2000, click No. From the command prompt or from the Run command in Windows 2000 type the path to the appropriate Winnt32.exe file (on your Windows 2000 CD), followed by a space and the /cmdcons switch. For example: e:\\i386\winnt32.exe /cmdcons
    • Follow the instructions that appear.

    To run Recovery Console on a system that does not start:

    • Restart your computer, and then click Windows 2000 Recovery Console from the list of operating systems.
    • Follow the instructions that appear.
    • Recovery Console displays a command prompt.
    • To see the commands available on the Recovery Console, type help at the command promp