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LAN Enhancement Components Component Function
*Repeater Resides in the Physical Layer of the OSI model. Regenerates signals for retransmission. Moves packets from one physical media to another. Will pass broadcast storms. Cannot connect different network topologies or access methods.
*Bridge         Resides in the MAC sublayer of the Data Link Layer of the OSI model. Bridges are used to segment networks. They forward packets based on address of destination node. Uses RAM to build a routing table based on source addresses. Will connect dissimilar network topologies. Will forward all protocols. Regenerates the signal at the packet level.
*Remote Bridge Same as bridge, but used for telephone communications. Uses STA (Spanning Tree Algorithm).
*Router     Resides in the Network Layer of the OSI model. Is used to switch and route packets across multiple networks. Uses RAM to build a routing table based on network addresses. Shares status and routing information to other routers to provide better traffic management and bypass slow connections. Will not pass broadcast traffic. Are slower than bridges due to complex functions. Strips off Data Link Layer source and destination addresses and then recreates them for packets. Routers can accomodate multiple active paths between LAN segments.
*Brouter Will act as a router for specified protocols and as a bridge for other specified protocols.
*Gateway Resides in the Transport, Session, Presentation and Application Layers of the OSI model. Used for communications between different network types (i.e. Windows NT and IBM SNA). Takes the packet, strips off the old protocol and repackages it for the receiving network.
*Multiplexer Device that can divide transimissions into two or more channels. Multiplexing - Several signals from different sources are collected into the component and are fed into one cable for transmission.
*Spanning Tree Algortithm - was developed for bridges to determine the most efficient network in path when there are multiple paths to choose from.
 

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MCSE : Security Specialist

Optimize and troubleshoot memory performance.

Memory usage is one of the most important factors in system performance. If your system is paging frequently you may have a memory shortage. Paging is the process of moving fixed size blocks of code and data from RAM to disk using units called pages in order to free memory for other uses. Although some paging is acceptable because it enables Windows 2000 to use more memory than actually exists, constant paging is a drain on system performance. Reducing paging will significantly improve system responsiveness.

Checking your configuration

 

  • Make sure your system has the recommended amount of memory not only for running Windows 2000 but also for the programs or services you are running. Check the amount of memory on your system against requirements of the operating system and your programs. Consult product documentation for programs or services that you are running to verify that memory is adequate.
  • Number of users multiplied by the average size of the open data files per user

To monitor for a low-memory condition, start with the following object counters: ( see table above )

Memory\ Available Bytes

  • Available Bytes indicates how many bytes of memory are currently available for use by processes.
  • 4 MB or less may indicate there is an overall shortage of memory on your computer or that a program is not releasing memory.

 

Memory\ Pages/sec

 

  • Pages/sec provides the number of pages that were either retrieved from disk due to hard page faults or written to disk to free space in the working set due to page faults.
  • If the value of Pages/sec is 20 or more, you should research the paging activity further.
  • A high rate for Pages/sec may not indicate a memory problem but may instead be the result of running a program that uses a memory-mapped file.

 

If you suspect a memory leak, monitor Memory\Available Bytes and Memory\ Committed Bytes to observe memory behavior and monitor Process\ Private Bytes, Process\ Working Set, and Process\ Handle Count for processes you think may be leaking memory.