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LAN Enhancement Components Component Function
*Repeater Resides in the Physical Layer of the OSI model. Regenerates signals for retransmission. Moves packets from one physical media to another. Will pass broadcast storms. Cannot connect different network topologies or access methods.
*Bridge         Resides in the MAC sublayer of the Data Link Layer of the OSI model. Bridges are used to segment networks. They forward packets based on address of destination node. Uses RAM to build a routing table based on source addresses. Will connect dissimilar network topologies. Will forward all protocols. Regenerates the signal at the packet level.
*Remote Bridge Same as bridge, but used for telephone communications. Uses STA (Spanning Tree Algorithm).
*Router     Resides in the Network Layer of the OSI model. Is used to switch and route packets across multiple networks. Uses RAM to build a routing table based on network addresses. Shares status and routing information to other routers to provide better traffic management and bypass slow connections. Will not pass broadcast traffic. Are slower than bridges due to complex functions. Strips off Data Link Layer source and destination addresses and then recreates them for packets. Routers can accomodate multiple active paths between LAN segments.
*Brouter Will act as a router for specified protocols and as a bridge for other specified protocols.
*Gateway Resides in the Transport, Session, Presentation and Application Layers of the OSI model. Used for communications between different network types (i.e. Windows NT and IBM SNA). Takes the packet, strips off the old protocol and repackages it for the receiving network.
*Multiplexer Device that can divide transimissions into two or more channels. Multiplexing - Several signals from different sources are collected into the component and are fed into one cable for transmission.
*Spanning Tree Algortithm - was developed for bridges to determine the most efficient network in path when there are multiple paths to choose from.
 


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Performance Logs and Alerts

Performance Logs and Alerts can collect performance data automatically from local or remote computers. You can view logged counter data using System Monitor or export the data to spreadsheet programs or databases for analysis and report generation.

Capabilities:

  • Performance Logs and Alerts collects data in a comma-separated or tab-separated format for easy import to spreadsheet programs.
  • Counter data collected by Performance Logs and Alerts can be viewed during collection as well as after collection has stopped.
  • Because logging runs as a service, data collection occurs regardless of whether any user is logged on to the computer being monitored.
  • You can define start and stop times, file names, file sizes, and other parameters for automatic log generation.
  • You can manage multiple logging sessions from a single console window.
  • You can set an alert on a counter, thereby defining that a message be sent, a program be run, or a log be started when the selected counter's value exceeds or falls below a specified setting.

Determining acceptable values for counters

The following table containing threshold values for specific counters that can help you determine whether values reported by your computer indicate a problem. If System Monitor consistently reports these values, it is likely that bottlenecks exist on your system and you should take action to tune or upgrade the affected resource.

 
Resource
Object\ Counter
Suggested threshold
Comments
Disk PhysicalDisk\ % Disk Time
90%
 
Disk PhysicalDisk\ Disk Reads/sec, PhysicalDisk\ Disk Writes/sec Depends on manufacturer's specifications Check the specified transfer rate for your disks to verify that this rate doesn't exceed the specifications. In general, Ultra Wide SCSI disks can handle 50 I/O operations per second.
Disk Physical Disk\ Current Disk Queue Length   This is an instantaneous counter; observe its value over several intervals. For an average over time, use Physical Disk\ Avg. Disk Queue Length.
Memory Memory\ Available Bytes Less than 4 MB Research memory usage and add memory if needed.
Memory Memory\ Pages/sec 20 Research paging activity.
Network Network Segment\ % Net Utilization Depends on type of network You must determine the threshold based on the type of network you are running. For Ethernet networks, for example, 30% is the recommended threshold.
Paging File Paging File\ % Usage 99% Review this value in conjunction with Available Bytes and Pages/sec to understand paging activity on your computer.
Processor Processor\ % Processor Time 85% Find the process that is using a high percentage of processor time. Upgrade to a faster processor or install an additional processor.
Processor Processor\ Interrupts/sec Depends on processor. A dramatic increase in this counter value without a corresponding increase in system activity indicates a hardware problem. Identify the network adapter causing the interrupts.
Server Server\ Bytes Total/sec   If the sum of Bytes Total/sec for all servers is roughly equal to the maximum transfer rates of your network, you may need to segment the network.

 

Server Server\ Work Item Shortages 3 If the value reaches this threshold, consider tuning InitWorkItems or MaxWorkItems in the registry (under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\
CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanServer).
Server Server\ Pool Paged Peak Amount of physical RAM This value is an indicator of the maximum paging file size and the amount of physical memory.
Server Server Work Queues\ Queue Length 4 If the value reaches this threshold, there may be a processor bottleneck. This is an instantaneous counter; observe its value over several intervals